Investigative New Drug Testing Testing And Development...

Testing and development of new drugs can be a long, strenuous and costly project for a manufacturing company. In 2003 drug companies spent $2.4 million on bringing new drugs to the market. By 2005 that figured ballooned to $802 million. If you think that is crazy, now experimental drugs cost pharmaceutical companies $312 million just for the post approval process of the drug and a whopping $2.9 billion to place the new drug on the market. The whole process can take 8-12 years until completion. First a drug must be approved to be transferred across state lines. If a sponsor (usually a manufacturer or potential marketer) want to ship the product to a clinical trial facility(s) an IND (Investigative New Drug Application) must be filed.†¦show more content†¦They also must provide information regarding clinical protocols and investigator information. This information is used to ensure that the physicians overseeing the administration of the drugs are qualified to fulfill their clinical obligations. Once the IND is submitted the sponsor must wait 30 calendar days before initiating any clinical trials. During the preclinical phases the drug was subjected to in vivo testing. In vivo testing is when a drug is tested in animals and is monitored for chromosomal damage and how toxicity levels are effected. During to clinical phases the drug goes through 3 phases of testing. Phase 1 is when a small group 20-100 of healthy volunteers are administered the drug dosage in small doses and gradually increased. This phase’s purpose to establish dosage and compound safety. Phase 2 is quite the same as phase 1 but with a larger group 100-300 people that are drug candidates. This phase determines effective dosage, methods of delivery and dosing intervals. Phase 3 and final phase is same as its predecessor phase but with a much larger group of 1000-3000 individuals that are drug candidates. This phase provides patients with the drug in the exact form as it will be given will on the market and is compared to similar drugs on the market. Oftentimes double-blind studies are done in this phase with the drug and a placebo. After theShow MoreRelated Drug Policy Essay1017 Words   |  5 Pages The President’s Drug Policy Introduction nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The following is a summary of the President’s policy emphasizing on the President’s stated objectives. Stopping drug use before it starts, providing drug treatment, and attacking the economic basis of the drug trade are the main positions the President stressed. The President’s policy was analyzed by the important tasks played by law enforcement, schools and the community. The apprehension of major drug organizations willRead MoreUnited States Food And Drug Administration1580 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), more specifically, the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). Although, having access to this system can be frustrating to those that are in the pharmaceutical development industry or those that have illnesses and need the best drugs available in order to cope with their symptoms. As a Type 1 Diabetic, it is easy to understand the consumer’s frustration when it comes to hearing about a new device or drug that will make living withRead MoreThe Drug Development And Approval Process1179 Words   |  5 PagesKrishna (2008) article, the drug development and approval process is an extensive and costly endeavor. The goal of experimental medicine is to increase the efficiency of drug development by providing a better understanding of the drug’s mechanism(s) of action, dose response, efficacy, and safety, allowing the process to be accelerated for the most promising and efficacious candidates (Krishna, Herman, Wagner, 2008). Preclinical testing begins with identifying the ideal drug target. The target shouldRead MoreThe Drug Development And Approval Process1184 Words   |  5 PagesKrishna (2008) article, the drug development and approval process is an extensive and costly endeavor. The goal of experimental medicine is to increase the efficiency of drug development by providing a better understanding of the drug’s mechanism(s) of action, dose response, efficacy, and safety, allowing the process to be accelerated for the most promising and efficacious candidates (Krishna, Herman, Wagner, 2008). Preclinical testing begins with identifying the ideal drug target. The target shouldRead MoreThe Drug Development And Approval Process1169 Words   |  5 PagesKrishna (2008) article, the drug development and approval process is an extensive and costly endeavor. The goal of experimental medicine is to increase the efficiency of drug development by providing a better understanding of the drug’s mechanism(s) of action, dose response, efficacy, and safety, allowing the process to be accelerated for the most promising and efficacious candidates (Krishna, Herman, Wagner, 2008). Preclinical testing begins with identifying the ideal drug target. The target shouldRead MoreThe Drug Development And Approval Process1210 Words   |  5 PagesKrishna (2008) article, the drug development and approval process is an extensive and costly endeavor. The goal of experimental medicine is to increase the efficiency of drug development by providing a better understanding of the drug’s mechanism(s) of action, dose response, efficacy, and safety, allowing the process to be accelerated for the most promising and efficacious candidates (Krishna, Herman, Wagner, 2008). Preclinical testing begins with identifying the ideal drug target. The target shouldRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagesan animal on the line. While businesses have searched for other methods of testing, there is no more accurate way of testing toxicology than through a live host. Despite it not being the most ideal choice to everyone, there is no better or more safe option, and animal testing is an absolutely necessary step in testing pharmaceuticals until we can find an equal replacement. Pharmaceutical businesses should continue testing their products on animals to ensure human safety, because the benefits of usingRead MoreDrug Testing Should Be Legal1447 Words   |  6 Pagestake drug tests. Current public debate questions whether these tests are necessary. Support, refute, or qualify the need for implementing required drug tests for those receiving or applying for welfare. â€Å"Hi, I’m a recovering crackhead†¦ I’d like some welfare please.† From It s Always Sunny in Philadelphia Most people believe that drug testing welfare applicants and recipients is necessary and saves the government and taxpayers’ money. However, the majority do not know that drug testing cost theRead MoreEssay on Animal Rights1148 Words   |  5 Pagesbenefits include the collection of new knowledge or the development of new medical therapies for humans. Looking into these different aspects of the experimentation, there is a large gap for argument between the different scientists views. In the next few paragraphs, both sides of the argument will be expressed by the supporters. A well known scientist named Neal D. Barnard said,quot; The use of animals for research and testing is only one of many investigative techniques available. We believeRead MoreThe Use Of Testing On Human Testing1439 Words   |  6 Pages The practice of testing on humans has help develop a modern system of human testing known as clinical trials (Jenkins Hubbard,1991). Previous work from the past has made huge improvements in medical future. The current work of clinical has given patients better medical treatments. While human experimentation has given much to modern research, it has sometimes failed to follow bioethics. The significance of human testing and history has lead to modern practice of Human drug trials. What are Clinical

Pacific Economic Cooperation Council

Question: Discuss about the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council. Answer: Introduction The progression and change in China are driving excited right hand change in Australia. In spite of the way that the per capita income of Australia is elevated than the Chinese, the continuance of snappy change in China is uncovering a development of policy difficulties for Australia, especially matters of administrative change. A substantial part of these are immediate identified with key locales of energy for the association with China, and the way in which Australia reacts will have an effect on the progression of this association (Christie, et al 2011). That China will go on with developing at soaring rates is a for the most part held desire. Notwithstanding, China confronts a movement of essential troubles and its response to these challenges will in like manner impact the progression of the relationship with Australia. Investment and Trade There is an irregular condition of complementarities between China and Australia, and the former is logically basic in world trade. As anybody may expect, China has transformed into Australia's top positioned stock trade accessory, accepting control from Japan as a toll objective and from the US as a wellspring of imports. In 2010, stock exports to China were $ 60.1 billion (26% of the total) and imports from China were $40 bn. China expected control over the rule spot in 2010 as an entry objective. The change in the centrality of India is other than imperative. In import exchanges, as China's allocation is increasing, the allocation of the US and Japan been declining. The increasing offer of Association of South-East Asian Countries (ASEAN) in importing is more of intriguing. China was the most prominent exporter in 2009, which contributes 10%, in addition to the second-most noteworthy shipper through an allocation of 8% (Creedy, 2011). Australia obviously is of lesser criticalness as an exchanging accomplice to China, despite the way that the relationship is extraordinary. The crucial admission things were rule related tour (use in Australia through understudies abroad) and other character touror tourism. The essential import matters have been tourism (Australians creating a ride to China) and shipping (transport, for instance). The Chinese are very crucial wellspring of agencies imports. Gives of corporations to china are likely going to be essentially downplayed. The facts said in this section are cross-border exchanges. The trade relations have been increasing with the Asian giant as indicated below. Remote speculation streams from china have surged beginning past due. By 2010, the pile of Chinese dialect wander (of direct and portfolio streams) in Australia was $ 17 billion and the FDI stock was $10 billion. China is outside the speedy assessment of utilizing far-flung understudies as a part of Australia concerning the degree of the stock. an entirety of for all purposes and capacities $ 2,000 billion in 2009, where the unified states and the United Kingdom all things considered record for half of and Japan for every other 5%), in any case, in 2009 it get to be distinctly sorted out fifth to the degree the convergence, after the US, the UK, Netherlands and Japan. Australian enthusiasm for china has various, yet stays low. By 2009, the supply of all streams transformed into $5 billion with the FDI stock respected at $ 2.4 billion (Dee, 2010). Investments from China to Australia 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Foreign investments $ 0.8 bn. $ 1.28 bn. $ 2.68 bn. $ 2.48 bn. $7.84 bn. Direct investment $ 0.4 bn. $0.54 bn. $0.23 bn. $3.18 bn. $4.99 bn. Source: Dee, 2010 Challenges for Australia Past domains have perceived some particular guiding principles, which have wound up being extra crucial in Australia as its association with China pushes, in relationship with cost gathering, understudy visas, flying policy and asset lease aggregation. There is also a development of more expansive difficulties after some time, identified with the organization of the financial system. Such are the "at the moment" challenges, the ending of the effect' challenges in addition to the new-fangled open gateways' test. The "at the moment" challenges identifies with the reaction to increments in the cost of resources and basically in global marketplaces that have changed over into high costs for those things in Australia and thusly in income, comparatively making solid weight for asset reallocation. With a flexible swapping scale, the reaction is a true blue valuation for the Australian dollar. Other exchanged things regions shrivel while the non-exchanged stock division creates in light of higher request taking after the move in income. This congruity happens at generally effortlessness because of the utilization of the change scale instrument (a decision might have been swelling). Coincidentally, that cost could be even lower if figure markets were additional adaptablefor instance, if relative wages have been affirmed to exchange transversely over occupations and if moving changed into better. Expecting with substitute in Australia can make an essential obligation to depictions uncover versatility; this is the basic piece of the "now" task. Joined into this portfolio is the relationship of change, alongside from China, and its association with understudies' judgments. A couple (however not all) of the effects of higher expenses for resources could be isolated if a part of the move in salary was navigated commitment evaluation and building up into a sovereign wealth bolstera fragment of which might be contributed toward the ocean. Accordingly, that is not happening, paying little mind to the way that families and governments appear to extra more now than in the prior decade. As Stevens (2011) raises, allowing 'an astonishing methodology of the wage change to stream into saving' starting now is all around happening at the family and firm levels. Meanwhile, tradable regions open to world markets are constrained to change, and the costs of that adjustment are huge. Those open ranges will recognize less change costs if they can raise their benefit movement, they could continue discharging parts of creation to the regions where yield is winding up being yet in the interim have the chance to continue in business as time goes on. This requires movement and better frameworks for completing things. These responses at the firm level are the ensuing segment of the "now" challenges. The basic dispute in Australia on finding new wellsprings of profitability change has beginning late been through and through more exuberantthis is particularly essential to zones under weight to change according to the effect, including other toll however non-asset divisions, for example, bearing and tourism (Drysdale and Findlay, 2011). The Government Trade Policy Statement, which was as of late discharged, has a broad area on the 'weaved economy' and an examination of why a cash related change program to restart money related change is 'basic'. Rolling out the improvements that add to productivity progression will be less asking for now in the time of effect conditions than something else will. Strategy and institutional changes are along these lines essential reaction in Australia to the Chinese money related progressions, even in the short term. The End of Economic Boom Within the greater drawn out term, the query is at the supply side, and the reaction of makers of the advantages that china inquires. As seemed by grade-by-grade paper reviews, Goldman Sachs starting past due anticipated regard falls in iron mineral from a hundred and seventy a ton to eighty dollars per ton with the aid of 2015. This simply identifies with the direction that, after some time, higher international costs have precipitated to the vicinity of latest firms into the ones affecting meanders. There are, a direct result of different minerals, elective providers. Their access reasons world costs to fall another timeperhaps even lower back to their standout degree. Regardless, the part will end making and will hold pulling in quantities from distinctive divisions. In a review by Ergas et al (2010), income will in like manner drop returned a chunk, since the lease element is lower. The change in encountering cases is attached with a true blue (and clean) minimizing with a bendy trade trendy. Consequently, there may be a reallocation of favorable circumstances from non-exchanged domain names back to exchanged parts (aside from minerals and fundamentals). On this second-spherical alternate, the divisions authoritatively pummeled may additionally recoup to a few degree. Anyhow, the critical crush and its inversion can be lavish except: 1) its far standard; and 2) the expenses of exchange in both headings may be diminished. This is the 'quit of the effect' undertaking. Feedback empower in this more drawn-out tale. he calls attention to reducing down the fee of reacting to the likelihood of a toppling of the prevailing times of simple alternate requires the protection of flexibleness and the capability to modify within the financial system. This factor of view reinforces the upside of enduring a capability progression impelling change motivation inside the brief term. Concluding Remarks Australia has profited on a very primary degree from the exchange of the Chinese financial system now due to China's development. The Asian country has modified into Australias extreme key changing assistant in addition, has been a top-notch driver of the progress of Australian resources trades. Its own one of a kind particular compel in made matters has given straightforwardness-imported matters to Australia and contributed likewise to the change in Australia's expressions of exchange. These headways are connected with three enormous burdens for Australia. Likewise, they have revealed abandons in Australia's managerial strategies. Australia has so far responded in a move and unbalanced course to this circumstance. References Christie V., Mitchell B., Orsmond D. and van Zyl M. (2011) The iron ore, coal and gas sectors, RBA Bulletin, pp. 18 Creedy S. (2011) Europe puts brakes on Qantas China expansion plan, The Australian Dee P. (2010) International student movements and the effects of barriers to trade in higher education services, World Scientific Publishing, Singapore and London Drysdale P. and Findlay C. (2011) Chinese foreign direct investment in Australia: policy issues for the resource sector, China Economic Journal, Vol. 2, pg. 13358 Ergas H., Harrison, M. and Pincus, J. (2010) Some economics of mining taxation, Economic Papers, vol. 29, no. 4 (December), pp. 36983 FitzGerald B. (2011) Iron ore price train is coming to a stop, Sydney Morning Herald Government of Australia (2011) Strategic review of the Student Visa Program, Discussion Paper, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC) (2010) State of the Region 201011, Pacific Economic Cooperation Council, Singapore Sandilands B. (2011) Qantas, ShanghaiParis, China eastern, CairnsSydney, Plane Talking Blog Stevens, G. (2011) The resources boom, RBA Bulletin, (March Quarter), pp. 6771 Tourism Australia (2010) Outbound Market Share AnalysisChina, April, Tourism Australia, Sydney Tourism Research Australia (2010) International Visitors in Australia, Quarterly Results of the International Visitor Survey, Tourism Research Australia, Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2011) Global Investment Trends Monitor, No. 6, 27 April, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva.

The Low Down on Night Essay Topics Revealed

The Low Down on Night Essay Topics Revealed What Night Essay Topics Is - and What it Is Not Also in the event the cage is near or inside a house it will turn into a dirty location for humans. It doesn't matter to us, whether you're too busy on the job concentrating on a passion undertaking, or simply tired of a seemingly infinite stream of assignments. There are some examples of strangers helping different inmates. In addition, the animal gets stressed and it's been taken away from its normal habitat. Plus the grade of the produce isn't coming with an animal that has spent its life being crammed into a little cage with plenty of different animals and being made to produce. Also it is not good quality compared to free range animals. In my private opinion, zoos don't have any advantages and have more negative than positive facets. The Fight Against Night Essay Topics There were so many distinct things within this book where it looks like there isn't anything that is never anything at the conclusion of the tunnel but then Jennings just keeps walking. However old you are that is a difficult situation to take care of. Interestingly, the idea of madness' can be interpreted and explored in a variety of ways. Analyze the song within this scene. Leaders are constantly looking for new approaches to keep on improving their leadership abilities. You're going to be visited parent survey will show the way that it is not likely they could allow other people to say, he compared some of this chapter. With the intention of case, comprehending the simplest approach that will help you observe together with think of at precisely the same time spoken together with nonverbal talking possesses demonstrated to have the ability to prove to be any precious expertise place within any helping for issue in addition to interaction mediation along with observation. It is essential that each person do their personal research for the very first job and compile the information for a group as the second endeavor. The more involved an individual is the more successful they are sometimes. They're educated and friendly persons who will gladly assist you in any matter linked to using our expert services. Actually, prior to making an order it's possible to find a price quote on your essay. There are a number of reasons why you ought to prefer our services. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, along with make sure you are getting the v ery best service our company may deliver. Our technicians will kindly answer each one of your questions. Whether you need to make a paper of one-of-a-kind flawlessness, just purchase an essay here and our writers will provide help. The previous thing which I learned in this book was that you don't understand what you have until it's gone. In fact, a seasoned writer can get the job done much faster than any student as they've been writing academic assignments during their entire life. As our group of writers is quite big, we always have free writers ready to bring a manageable and well-paid purchase. Wiesel appears to repeat the simple fact that revenge isn't on their minds to demonstrate the profound affect the liberation had on the prior prisoners. The metaphors help readers to comprehend the huge importance of the details to Eliezer. The Chronicles of Night Essay Topics Like a disease, love is extremely challenging to eliminate or cure. As a young child, Elie's faith was in a young stage. 17, and even when you will need help you must write night by elie wiesel. Night vision is the capacity to see well in low-light problems. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. You can depend on the very best essay help online. Researching the topic will permit you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you really like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. Reading example essays works exactly the same way! Finally, whenever you have finished your study of the book, you'll have three distinct choices for summative writing assignment and a last unit test. Learners will discover answers place. Studying for quizzes or section of the very best book. Being a real student ambassador is a means to meet plenty of new men and women, and become an immense portion of the procedure for future students. Among your class, you will be broken into pairs of two, each group will then be requested to research facets of the Holocaust. Your class was put in charge of accumulating information about the history of the Holocaust and the way that it has affected our world these days. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline.

What to Do When Argumenting Position Essay Topics

What to Do When Argumenting Position Essay TopicsArguing a position essay topics is a very useful skill to have for writing your college essays. It can help you get your point across with confidence and in a way that the reader can relate to. With so many arguments that one can make, having the skills of an essayist can be invaluable.Arguing a position essay topics will help you come up with fresh arguments that will stand out from the rest of the competition. In order to get the most out of this skill, you need to develop a list of topics that you can work on.The list should include all sorts of topics that might not seem as 'formal' as other topics that you might come up with. Consider a topic like how do you know when to quit when talking about arguments in your essay. This is a tough subject to tackle.To really make it interesting, you need to engage in an argument that makes sense. For example, a response could be something like, 'So your conclusion that 'innate intelligence is unrelated to performance' is simply a misconstruction of his data?' With this sort of argument, the audience can relate to your viewpoint and respect you as a writer. This is something that is difficult to do with just a bunch of facts.Some topics may include the usage of semantics in your essay. Your topic could include anything from:Of course, it is important that you write the ideas on these topics in such a way that the meaning is clear. You need to highlight the differences between the two sides and show how they relate to each other. Without the use of proper words, it can be difficult to convey your ideas effectively.Arguinga position essay topics will help you develop good writing skills that you can use in your other work. Your goal is to come up with interesting topics that will not only make you interesting, but will also get you noticed by a college. With these skills in place, you can not only get good grades, but make yourself stand out from the rest of the competition .One more important thing that you should keep in mind is that the topic must be able to challenge your reasoning. That means that you need to do research and study on the topic before you dive into the argument and build the arguments up.

Essay Topics For Power Related Essay Topics

Essay Topics For Power Related Essay TopicsPower related essay topics are important if you want to succeed in college or university. These topics allow you to express your opinion on a particular topic and make your point.This article is going to be discussing the different types of power-related essay topics and the importance of using them. You can choose from any of the mentioned topics for the essay to get you started. The topic of choice will determine what format you should write your essay in.Power based essay topics are based on the type of power a person has over his/her situation. In other words, they are based on whether a person can influence things that happened to him/her. Whether it is a situation where a person is trying to influence others or not. So for power related essay topics, one needs to have some sort of influence or control over the situation.For example, you may have certain factors that can be controlled or influenced. If you want to have your position as an employee or a person who can influence others, then you need to use power related essay topics. You can use these topics when you are trying to get a better job, get rid of a perceived threat or improve your status as a social being. You might also use these topics in school if you want to improve your grades.In this case, you would be providing your opinion about a certain situation in which the other party (employer, client, employer's attorney) have a conflict. That is what makes this specific topic useful for you.Power related essay topics are very powerful and people will pay attention to them. Your opinion on a particular topic will be taken more seriously when you are able to use it to express your views about a particular situation.Therefore, there are many types of topics for you to consider when writing your essay. The easiest way to make sure that your essay will look and sound good is to make sure that the essay topics you choose are appropriate.

Sample of a Dissertation in APA Format With Citation Page

Sample of a Dissertation in APA Format With Citation PageThe most effective way to attract the attention of a potential employer is by providing samples of a dissertation in APA format. Though APA format is an easy way to convey a thesis idea, a few grammatical and spelling errors can still mislead an employer. Keeping in mind that, one must make sure that the samples provide clarity of content and should not contain misspellings.First of all, the following should be noted: the APA format is that of an organization that is used by students at Harvard or Princeton universities. The practice of declaring that a student has written a doctoral dissertation has been traced back to Oxford University where a student named John Milton, who was studying at Cambridge University, declared a thesis on the idea of the Universal Idea of the Good. When he was asked to put down his opinion on why this idea was very good, he instead wrote a dissertation called 'Man the Best in the World' which argued that the best man is a king. Thereafter, the thesis took the name of a university degree.So, when you are writing a sample of a dissertation in APA format with citation page, it is advisable to put down the title of the PhD dissertation and then all that should be added to it is the section or subsection on why the thesis is of high quality. The first paragraph should be concise and clear as most employers want to know the objective of the job and the consequences of going for it. The second paragraph should be short and to the point, while the third paragraph should be very brief and to the point.The sample should have all the information of the Ph.D program that should be listed down in a written report (which should be under three pages), including the date of the start of the Ph.D program, the date of the conclusion of the program, the number of papers of the entire program, and the number of theses submitted by the students. One can also include the number of interviews that h ave taken place and some other details as well.It is also important to note that the theses should be arranged in a chronological order, so that the starting of the program from the midpoint should be mentioned. The author should also inform the reader of the number of theses, beginning from the initial to the last.Next, it is necessary to add the information about the advisor who should have given the sample of a dissertation in APA format with citation page. In addition, the bio of the author and the personal details of the supervisor should also be given. In addition, if the advisor has provided the sample of a dissertation in APA format with citation page, the names of two referees should also be mentioned.The second important aspect is that the sample of a dissertation in APA format with citation page should have all the information listed down in the body paragraph of the document. So, the first paragraph should first inform the reader about the title of the program that the P hD student is in, the semester that the student has spent in the program, the name of the person who gave the dissertation to the student, the name of the person who supervised the student, the graduation date of the student, the name of the program, and the author's contact details. After this, the next paragraph should give the details of the advisor who gave the dissertation to the student, the undergraduate instructor who supervised the student, the name of the student, the graduation date, and the author's contact details. The third paragraph should also contain the name of the author who has supervised the student and some other information.Lastly, the author's name, the names of the two referees, and the details of the program, program advisor, and the PhD program should be highlighted. For a better understanding of the form, you may also refer to the link provided below. That is all about samples of a dissertation in APA format with citation page.

The Chinese Zodiac Essay Example For Students

The Chinese Zodiac Essay Even in modern society, this kind of marriage still exerts a great influence and in the following paragraphs, a systematic description of this marriage form will be presented. Finding a partner Marriage was for continuing the ancestral line and creation alliances between families -; too important a duty to be left in the rash hands of the young. 3 This quote shows how important a marriage was regarded. The three basic elements of an arranged marriage in ancient China were the parental sanction, the Matchmaking and the betrothal gifts. Generally speaking, society at that time believed that marriages were obtained by the gods and therefore sacred, as a result this life-changing event was handled with utmost care, so much that the typical Chinese wedding ceremony evolved into an complicated sequence of rites and customs. Major considerations in arranging their childrens marriage were not unlike those of modern-day parents. They would consider the age, status, appearance and wealth of their potential sons- or daughters-in-law. Age: this was one of the first consideration points. We will write a custom essay on The Chinese Zodiac specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The couple should be of marriageable age, meaning mature enough to live as husband and wife and the age difference should not be too big. According to The Rites of Zhou ( ) and The Book of Rites ( ), a mans marriageable age ranged from 20 to 30 years, a womans from 15 to 20 or 23 years, by which they would have reached physical and mental maturity, be self-disciplined and independently responsible. It was common for the husband to be three to five years older than his wife, a 10 to 12 year age difference was probably the limit, since a couple which age differences exceeded this, would fall victim to gossip and ridicule. Yet there were exceptions, for example in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. In these societies scholars were viewed very highly. A scholar had to prepare for and pass the annual imperial examinations in order to become an official in the emperors court and a career would guarantee ones future in terms of wealth, reputation and authority. Aspiring scholars focused much of their attention on their studies and might have to attend the imperial examinations repeatedly, sidestepping the marriage issue year after year until they succeeded. In this way, scholars were far older than their wives. In the Ming (1368 1644 AD) and Qing (1644 1911) Dynasties it was popular for a wife to be slightly older than her husband, since an older girl was more likely to take better care of her parents-in-law and her husband and to better manage household affairs. Status: by the time of the Zhou Dynasty (1027 221B. C. ) marriages were conducted according to social ranks, especially among the reigning classes. For example, a minister in a powerful country could make a marriage alliance with a noble in a weak country, while a prince in a weak country only could marry a senior officials daughter in a powerful country. Appearance: the couples appearance and talents were important factors in a harmonious marriage. In general, a young woman would focus more on her prospective husbands virtue and talent, while a young man would pay more attention to his prospective wifes appearance. This behaviour can still be seen in the modern time China. Wealth: This was an important point of reference in marriages. Two families united by marriage had to present betrothal gifts which were of similar worth. The bridegrooms family expected a good dowry and the brides family expected similar good betrothal gifts. Yet, not all parents were tyrants when it came to deciding their childrens marriages. Some considered their daughters or sons wishes before asserting their authority. However, there were cases of extreme conservative and obstinate parents, which would take complete control of their offsprings marriages even before their birth. Thus arose two abnormal marriage customs: antenatal betrothals and posthumous marriages. In antenatal betrothals, children were engaged to be married even before they were born, which had many disadvantages, for example one of the children could become seriously ill, very poor or work in a faraway place. .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 , .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 .postImageUrl , .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 , .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6:hover , .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6:visited , .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6:active { border:0!important; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6:active , .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6 .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udb39695c506c1a03da9befe0e5dcb6d6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: At a moments thought we might say yes â€Å" yes it is a caring society and yes I do love my neighbour EssayFor the sake of the social stability, the government banned this practice, but were not able to eradicate it entirely. Posthumous Marriages, also marriages with the death or ghost marriages meant that unmarried young man and women were married in the after world by the arrangement of their living parents. If a son died before marriage, his parents arranged a ghost marriage in order to provide him with children to continue the lineage and give him his own family. 4 Miniature house, furniture and money made out of paper were burnt for the dead in the belief that they would be able to enjoy these material possessions just like the living do. In the Ming and Qing dynasties another type of posthumous marriages arose marriages between the dead and the living. For example, if ones betrothed died before the marriage, the living partner still had to marry the one who had died. If it was the woman who died, her groom had to bring her spirit tablet home in a sedan chair and regard her as his lawful wife. Later he could take a concubine, who would never be given the full status of a rightful, but only his second wife. If it was the man dying before the marriage, his bride had to live a life of a widow at the home of her parents-in-law for the rest of her life after the wedding ceremony. As the practice of monogamous arranged marriages became more widespread, parents sought help from relatives and friends to find possible candidates to marry their child and to carry out background checks. Thus matchmaking came into being and became essential in the wedding procedures. The vast majority of Matchmakers were married women, thus leading credibility to their skill in finding a good match for those intending to get married. Until the present day, the custom of matchmaking has persisted. The matchmakers role was just as important as that of the parents in the arranged marriage. As Confucianism attained a dominant position in the social ideology, restrictions on contact between unmarried men and women became stricter. This way, appearance, disposition and proficiency in needlework were unknown to the people outside the family. Matchmakers had contact with many families and therefore knew everything about these families, like social status and relationships, their childrens physical appearance, dispositions and so on. Since marriages were arranged based on considerations of those, a matchmaker was necessary for the parents to learn more about prospective sons- or daughters-in-law. According to The Rites of Zhou ( ), official and private matchmakers existed before the Qin Dynasty. Official matchmakers provided legal recognition of a marriage. Later on, private matchmakers became popular and had the same authority as the official ones. Engagement Traditionally, the matchmaker delivered the proposal from the bridegrooms side with which the discussion about weddings began. Before the Qin Dynasty (221 207 BC) people would offer a wild goose as a gift, as some people regarded those as punctual and honest birds. Others considered them as a symbol of a lasting marriage as they only have one mate throughout their lives. Yet, from the Qin and Han dynasties, the gifts changed. The family would for example send a bouquet of lilies or domesticated ducks or geese instead of a wild goose. If the girls family was satisfied with what the matchmaker presented them, they would accept the gift; otherwise they would politely reject the offer. Once the gift was accepted, the matchmaker would report the news to the bridegrooms family, who then would ask the matchmaker to take another gift to the girls family in exchange for detailed information of the brides family, including the parents family names, the brides name, whether the girl has siblings and her exact time of birth. It was usually written on a piece of red paper. The compatibility of the marrying couple was analyzed with the help of a chart of the couples eight characters. .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 , .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 .postImageUrl , .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 , .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279:hover , .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279:visited , .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279:active { border:0!important; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279:active , .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279 .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue6e4e2d27a5b6356b3cd70f3563bf279:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ancient Roman Laws EssayFortune-tellers played an important role in this, as they could determine a persons eight characters based on astrological calculations. The families of the couple who intended to get married would take the detailed birth information about the prospective couple to the fortune teller to see if their eight characters were in harmony. If their birth information matched properly, it meant that they would have good luck in their marriage; otherwise the pairing would be unsuitable and would bring harm to the couple and their families. The compatibility of the Chinese Zodiac Signs of the couple also was important. There were many superstitious beliefs based on Chinese zodiac compatibility, for example, in the northern part of China, a girl born in the year of the goat was considered harmful, because she could bring an early death to her husband. In order to get a good match, the families of those girls would disguise the information. The taboos revolving around the compatibility varied. For instance, in some places, a person born in the year of the snake should not be married to a person born in the year of a dragon, because both are aggressive animals. After the parents had compared the couples birth information, the pre-wedding procedures could go ahead if the results were good. The bridegrooms family would inform the brides family about the good result of the comparison and ask them to fix the time of the wedding. The parents on both sides arranged meetings in order to exchange more information on the couple and to get to know each other. No matter when or where they met, the Matchmaker would stay with them and introduce the two sides. After the brides parents agreed to the marriage, the bridegrooms side would offer betrothal gifts.